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- <text id=89TT1632>
- <title>
- June 26, 1989: Physician, Inform Thyself
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- June 26, 1989 Kevin Costner:The New American Hero
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 71
- Physician, Inform Thyself
- </hdr><body>
- <p>With better data, doctors learn what works -- and what doesn't
- </p>
- <p>By Melissa Ludtke
- </p>
- <p> Two 50-year-old men complaining of chest pains and shortness
- of breath head for their doctors' offices. In both cases,
- angiograms show that the patients are suffering from partly blocked
- arteries. But at this point the medical paths of these men, with
- identical symptoms but different doctors, may diverge radically.
- One man lives in Beverly Hills, and the chances that he will have
- coronary-bypass surgery are nearly twice as high as they are for
- the other man, who lives in Pasadena, just 20 miles away. The
- Pasadena patient is more likely to be treated with drugs and a
- modified diet.
- </p>
- <p> Is it possible that where people live can determine what
- medical treatment they receive? Surprisingly, the answer is yes.
- "There is an underlying assumption that two doctors in two
- different places will prescribe the same treatment," says Dr. Phil
- Caper, who founded the Codman Research Group in Lyme, N.H., to
- study variations in the patterns of physician care. "That just
- isn't so."
- </p>
- <p> Treatment patterns can vary among communities because doctors
- in different places have different methods. Within a given
- hospital, doctors tend to consult one another and reach a consensus
- on how to practice, but that consensus may not be the same in
- another city. In some areas, for example, the frequency of
- hysterectomies is three times as high as in other places. As
- discoveries like these accumulate, statistical evidence begins to
- raise doubts about the scientific certainty usually associated with
- medicine.
- </p>
- <p> A major reason that medical practices vary so widely is that
- doctors suffer from a shortage of certain essential information.
- Despite the proliferation of medical reports and journals, there
- are few statistics on the comparative results of clinical
- procedures. And there is no comprehensive national collection of
- data concerning what treatments work best for what kind of
- patients. In fact, relatively little systematic research has been
- done on the "outcomes" of patients' treatment -- whether they get
- better or worse, live or die.
- </p>
- <p> Steps are being taken to fill medicine's information void. In
- a new field of study called patient-outcomes research, hospitals,
- clinics, health-maintenance organizations and other medical groups
- are collecting data on how well various treatments work. Armed with
- such knowledge, doctors should be able to get better results. Dr.
- Paul Ellwood, chairman of the InterStudy health-policy center near
- Minneapolis, predicts that within a year at least 100 patient-
- outcomes projects will be under way, with sponsors as diverse as
- the Cleveland Clinic and the Maine Medical Assessment Foundation.
- High on the list of treatments to be studied are those for
- cataracts, diabetes and broken hips (the question: When is
- replacing the hip the best thing to do?). A report in the New
- England Journal of Medicine suggested that one type of prostate
- surgery works better than an increasingly popular alternative
- operation. The American Urological Association is planning an
- intensive comparative study of the long-term prospects of patients
- who undergo one of the two procedures.
- </p>
- <p> Lack of information about patient outcomes has both physical
- and financial consequences. Not only do some patients endure
- unnecessary surgery, but health-care costs in the U.S. continue to
- increase faster than the gross national product. Observes Dr. David
- Eddy, professor of health policy and management at Duke University:
- "Current medical logic tells doctors, `When in doubt, do it.' " One
- such procedure is the carotid endarterectomy, performed to remove
- a clot from a neck artery. Until recently no one, including doctors
- who perform the operation, knew how clinically appropriate this
- surgery was. A joint study by the University of California, Los
- Angeles, and the Rand Corporation concluded that just one-third of
- the 1,302 operations surveyed were beneficial; in fact, 6.4% of the
- patients later had strokes, which the surgery was supposed to help
- them avoid. Rand recommended that the $46,900 operation be done
- less frequently.
- </p>
- <p> Advocates caution that outcomes research by itself is not an
- antidote to rising medical costs. "It shouldn't be sold as a
- cost-containment measure at all," says Dr. Jack Wennberg, a
- professor of epidemiology at Dartmouth Medical School and a pioneer
- in the research. "It is a scientific measure." Even the best
- outcomes data will never address much more fundamental questions,
- such as which patients should have access to heart transplants or
- other ultraexpensive procedures. Those dilemmas are still left to
- medical ethicists and society to resolve.
- </p>
- <p> To some doctors the new studies may seem threatening. "Outcomes
- research will demonstrate that a large percentage of what we do
- doesn't make any difference," says Dr. Robert Brook, who oversees
- Rand's outcomes studies. Many doctors fear that the research will
- handcuff them with a "cookbook mentality" -- a dash of this, a
- pinch of that, and the result is known. But, says Brook, "good
- cooks start from a cookbook. Then they modify the recipe. In a very
- complex world, we shouldn't back away from starting with a certain
- protocol."
- </p>
- <p> Most physicians, haunted as they are by the specter of
- malpractice suits, will probably appreciate having this
- information. Asserts Dr. Caper: "We say to doctors, `Here's a tool
- that allows you to control your own destiny.'" Patients too will
- be able to make more informed decisions about treatments. Used
- wisely, patient-outcomes research will undoubtedly prove a boon to
- the entire practice of medicine.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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